Method of imprinting shadow mask nanostructures for display pixel segregation

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to micro- and nano-scale imprinting methods and the use of such methods to fabricate supported and/or free-standing 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures of polymeric, ceramic, and/or metallic materials, particularly for pixel segregation in OLED-based displays. In some embodiments, a duo-mold approach is employed in the fabrication of these structures. In such methods, surface treatments are employed to impart differential surface energies to different molds and/or different parts of the mold(s). Such surface treatments permit the formation of three-dimensional (3-D) structures through imprinting and the transfer of such structures to a substrate. In some or other embodiments, such surface treatments and variation in glass transition temperature of the polymers used can facilitate separation of the 3-D structures from the molds to form free-standing micro- and/or nano-structures individually and/or in a film. In some or other embodiments, a “latch-on” assembly technique is utilized to form supported and/or free-standing stacked micro- and/or nano-structures that enable the assembly of polymers without a glass transition temperature and eliminate the heating required to assemble thermoplastic polymers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/852,448, filed May 24, 2004.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates in general to micro- and nano-imprinting techniques, and in particular, to the use of novel micro- and nano-imprinting techniques for the purpose of making supported three-dimensional micro- and nano-structures for pixel segregation in OLED-based displays.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Two- and Three-Dimensional Fabrication Techniques

Conventional photolithography is believed to be limited to about 150 nm in pattern dimensions. While X-ray and ion beam lithography have been demonstrated as viable alternative techniques for creating pattern dimensions below this limit, they are expensive. E-beam lithography has also been proven as a viable technique. However, it is time consuming and, like X-ray and ion beam lithography, expensive. In contrast to such lithographic techniques, imprinting offers an attractive alternative to the fabrication of two-dimensional (2-D) nanometer-scale features, as a result of simpler, faster, and cheaper processing, making this technique a potential replacement for photolithography in mass production.

The above-mentioned lithographic techniques are further limited to fabrication of 2-D and supported features. Imprinting, however, can lend itself to the fabrication of three-dimensional (3-D) features, wherein 3-D features comprise structural variation with depth. Three-dimensional patterning techniques are likely to be important enabling technologies for a number of applications. In microelectronics, for example, the third dimension could possibly allow the speed and memory of microprocessors to go beyond the limitations currently imposed by 2-D features. In optoelectronic industries, 3-D photonic band gap structures are garnering considerable attention because 3-D structures serve to minimize loss of light (Kiriakidis et al., “Fabrication of 2-D and 3-D Photonic Band-Gap Crystal in the GHz and THz Region,” Mater. Phys. Mech., 1:20-26, 2000). In drug/chemical delivery systems, sensing systems and catalysis, the feasibility of fabricating 3-D structures will provide breakthroughs in the efficiency of controlled delivery, sensing, and selectivity in chemical reactions. For example, a sphere with a meshed surface can be envisioned as a chambered pill that contains multiple drugs or a multifunctional catalysis support.

While 2-D fabrication techniques are mature technology down to the sub-micrometer scale, very little has been reported regarding 3-D sub-micrometer fabrication techniques. Currently, of the limited amount of literature available on sub-micrometer 3-D fabrication techniques, most reports are seen to be mere extensions of various photolithography techniques. For instance, Whitesides et al. have shown that a porous microsphere can be obtained via a self-assembly approach (Huck et al., “Three-Dimensional Mesoscale Self-Assembly,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129:8267-8268, 1998), and Yamamoto et al. have demonstrated the fabrication of micrometer scale grooved structures using deep X-ray lithography (Tabata et al., “3D Fabrication by Moving Mask Deep X-ray Lithography with Multiple Stages,” The Fifteenth IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 180-183, 2002). Whitesides et al. have also reported on a “membrane folding” method used to create 3-D structures (Brittain et al., “Microorigami: Fabrication of Small Three-Dimensional Metallic Structures,” J. Phys. Chem. B, 105:347-350, 2001). While most of these techniques have demonstrated the feasibility of creating 3-D sub-micrometer or nanometer scale features, they are not easily implemented for mass production.

Both conventional nano-imprinting (Sun et al., “Multilayer resist methods for nanoimprint lithography on nonflat surfaces,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 16(6):3922-3925, 1998) and reversal imprinting (Huang et al., “Reversal imprinting by transferring polymer from mold to substrate,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 20(6):2872-2876, 2002) techniques are attractive alternatives to the above-mentioned techniques in the fabrication of 3-D nano-features, although currently both techniques create 3-D structures through multiple imprinting on patterned substrates or on substrates with topology. A more efficient imprinting technique would, therefore, go a long way in solidifying imprinting's role as a potential replacement for currently used lithographic patterning techniques.

Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Organic light emitting diode (OLED)-based devices, which make use of thin film materials that emit light when excited by electric current, are becoming an increasingly popular technology for applications such as flat panel displays. Pixilated OLED devices can be used as displays in various consumer electronic products including cellular phones, personal organizers, pagers, advertising panels, touch screen displays, and other teleconferencing and multimedia products.

Referring to FIG. 11, an OLED device typically comprises a functional stack of one or more organic (e.g., polymer) functional layers 1101 between a patterned transparent substrate (e.g., indium-tin-oxide “ITO” glass) 1102, which acts as a transparent anode, and a metallic top electrode 1103. Typically, the functional stack is formed on a transparent substrate 1102, and conductive layers 1104 are patterned to form parallel rows of cathodes 1104(a) in one direction and columns of anodes 1104(b) in a direction perpendicular to the cathodes. OLED pixels are located where the cathodes and anodes overlap. During operation, charge carriers are injected through the cathodes and anodes for recombination in the functional layers. The recombination of the charge carriers causes the functional layer of the pixels to emit visible radiation.

To define pixels and other patterns on a display, the ITO, organic layers, and cathode must be patterned. Patterning the ITO anode layer is relatively easy and may be carried out by conventional photolithography. Such patterned ITO anode layers are generally provided to OLED manufacturers by their suppliers pre-patterned to their specifications without much additional cost. To make a display with high resolution and high filling factor, however, the spacing between pixels must be defined by the patterning processes that formed the organic layers and the cathodes, and these patterning processes typically must be sub-100 μm in feature resolution. Various conventional patterning techniques have been used to form the cathodes, such as shadow masking, photolithography (with wet or dry etching), laser ablation, and lift-off techniques (wet or dry resists).

OLED-based displays fabricated using shadow-mask technology (FIG. 11) are difficult to fabricate because one must accurately align multiple layers of deposited material using shadow masks, and the masks tend to clog. Moreover, it is difficult to fabricate features smaller than about 300 μm by 300 μm using a shadow mask, whereas OLEDs smaller than about 100 μm by 100 μm, and possibly smaller than about 10 μm by 10 μm, are generally desirable for high-resolution, full-color flat panel displays.

Direct photolithographic patterning is generally used as the standard method for patterning materials and fabricating devices on a submicron scale, wherein features much smaller than those achievable with shadow-mask technology can be fabricated. However, the organic materials used to fabricate OLEDs may be quickly degraded from exposure to deleterious substances such as water, solvents, developers, and even atmospheric conditions. In particular, many of the chemicals used in photolithographic processing, such as solvents and developers used to wash away photoresist, may rapidly degrade such organic materials. To circumvent this drawback, as shown in FIG. 12, manufacturers are currently employing a “self-patterning” approach in which two layers of photoresist are patterned on ITO using microlithography to create a topology that interrupts the continuity of the organic layer and the cathode films into discrete rows (or columns) when the cathode is deposited. Referring to FIG. 12, the T-bar column structure 1201 is one type of structure that is capable of correctly shadowing the organic LED materials 1202 and the cathode materials 1203 in this fashion. Other types of structures that have been demonstrated include reverse tapered columns or inverted pyramidal structures. While this methodology provides high-resolution patterns, it requires OLED manufacturers to invest in expensive photolithographic equipment and manpower just to make the substrates for their displays.

While M. Li et al. have shown that it is possible to fabricate T-bar column structures using conventional nanoimprint lithography (Li et al., “Direct three-dimensional patterning using nanoimprint lithography,” App. Phys. Lett., 78(21):3322-3324, 2001), the entire structure must be fabricated in a single mold, which is not easy to achieve and requires a complex fabrication scheme along with e-beam lithography, and is thus not suitable for imprinting over large areas. The final structure is also fabricated by metal vapor deposition and lift-off of a sacrificial layer to leave behind metallized T-bar columns. Metallic T-bar structures are not suitable for display manufacturing because they are conductive in nature and are far more likely to short out pixels if the structure does not shadow evaporated materials properly, or if the display has defects or is damaged while in service. Since polymers are insulative in nature, polymer T-bar structures are more desirable for display manufacturing purposes.

Y. Chen and D. Moran et al. have also fabricated metallized T-gates for high-speed transistors (Chen et al., “A non-destructive method for the removal of residual resist in imprinted patterns,” Microelectronic Engineering, 67-68:245-251, 2003; Moran et al., “Novel technologies for the realisation of GaAs pHEMTs with 120 nm self-aligned and nanoimprinted T-gates,” Microelectronic Engineering, 67-68:769-774, 2003). These structures are similar to those described in Li et al. above, but are directed toward a different application. They do, however, suffer from the same drawbacks as the structures of Li et al. Metallized T-bar structures are also unsuitable for flexible displays on polymer structures due to the fact that bending the display will induce irreversible plastic deformation that could cause the metallized columns to short out pixels.

As a result of the foregoing, a technique suitable for fabricating polymeric T-bar structures would be very beneficial for OLED and other related devices.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to micro- and nano-scale imprinting methods and the use of such methods to fabricate supported and/or free-standing 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures of polymeric, ceramic, and/or metallic materials.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a duo-mold approach is employed in the above-described methods. In some embodiments, surface treatments are employed to impart differential surface energies to different molds and/or different parts of the mold(s). Such surface treatments, often in combination with differences in polymer glass transition temperatures, permit the formation of three-dimensional (3-D) micro- and/or nano-structures through imprinting and the transfer of such structures to a substrate. In some or other embodiments, such surface treatments can facilitate separation of the 3-D structures from the molds to form free-standing micro- and/or nano-structures individually and/or in a film. In some embodiments, such surface treatments can involve silanes, coatings, plasma deposition or treatment, and/or grafting treatments.

In some embodiments of the present invention, supported or free-standing stacked 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures are fabricated by using polymers of progressively lower glass transition temperatures or with miscible polymer blends. In some or other embodiments, a “latch-on” assembly technique is utilized to form supported and/or free-standing stacked micro- and/or nano-structures that enable the assembly of polymers without a glass transition temperature and eliminate the heating required to assemble thermoplastic polymers.

The present invention provides for novel methods in which to imprint supported and/or free-standing 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures. Such novel methods have a number of advantages over the existing prior art. First, the present invention provides for direct patterning methods that do not require a sacrificial layer/component—as in most methods found in the existing art. This allows for fewer processing steps. Second, the present invention provides for direct patterning methods that allow the formation of cavities with completely sealed edges. Third, the present invention allows for the patterning of well-defined 3-D structures with nano-scale dimensions, wherein such 3-D structures can be transferred to a substrate, or lifted-off as a free standing film or as individual 3-D structures. Fourth, the present invention provides for a variety of 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures that can be imprinted, stacked, and/or assembled.

In addition to the advantages described above, the present invention also overcomes the limitations of the prior art in a number of ways. First, the duo-mold approach of the present invention eliminates the need for a sacrificial layer/component used by numerous prior art approaches to form 3-D structures. Second, the duo-mold approach enables the formation of closed structures that cannot be fabricated using conventional sacrificial layer/component techniques. Third, surface treatment of the molds that result in a differential surface energy permits selective imprinting and demolding and also allows for the eventual transfer of the structure onto a substrate. Fourth, fewer processing steps are required compared to conventional photolithography based techniques for 3-D structure fabrication. Fifth, the present invention provides for a variety of possible 3-D structures, such that the techniques are potentially applicable for fabrication of 3-D microelectronics, micro-electromechanical system/nano-electromechanical system-based (MEMS/NEMS) devices and photonic bandgap structures.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to novel methods of imprinting T-bar structures on display-ready conductive substrates, such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), for pixel segregation in OLED-based display devices. This technique overcomes many of the limitations of the prior art because it is a method of direct patterning that does not require high resolution photolithographic techniques in order to properly pattern resist on the ITO. Instead, photolithography is needed only to make the grating molds, and these molds can be used hundreds, or even thousands of times to make the T-bar patterns needed for displays.

In some of the above embodiments, duo-mold nanoimprint lithography is utilized to make extremely high resolution (i.e., sub-micron) pixilated displays below the resolution limitations imposed by conventional photolithography and shadow-masking technologies. Such processes can be carried out using relatively inexpensive equipment and materials (as compared to competing technologies) along with much higher throughput. Using the duo-mold technique, an undercut profile is fabricated directly into the molds. The lateral width of the T-bar can be arbitrary and is only restricted by the mold geometry, while the height is limited only to the thickness of the film that can be spin-cast onto the mold with an acceptable degree of uniformity. The spacing between the columns can be arbitrary and is limited only by the distance the polymer can flow to fill the trenches of the molds during imprinting in the amount of time allotted for the step.

Advantages of the duo-mold process for fabricating T-bar and other similar structures, for use in OLED-based display devices, include: (a) it is a direct patterning method that does not require a sacrificial layer/component (as in most methods found in the literature and in patents), and thus requires fewer processing steps; (b) it is a direct patterning method that can be utilized to make extremely high-resolution pixilated displays below the resolution limitations imposed by conventional photolithography and shadow-masking technologies; (c) it utilizes processing techniques and equipment that are inexpensive compared to that of competing technologies, i.e., huge investments in the photolithographic equipment necessary to make T-bar columns for displays can be avoided by using the processes of the present invention, the use of expensive and fragile shadow masks can be avoided, and serial processes implied by vapor-deposition techniques can be minimized to improve product throughput; and (d) the surface treatment of the molds results in a controlled surface energy contrast, thus allowing for the T-bar structures to be oriented properly when transferred onto a substrate.

The present invention also finds potential application in the areas of MEMS and NEMS devices (fluidics, actuators, lenses, resonators), sensors, integrated chip devices, photonic band gap structures (waveguides), and in drug/chemical delivery systems. This diversity of potential applications attests to the significance of the methods and processes of the present invention.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the duo-mold imprinting processes of embodiments of the present invention in a generalized manner;

FIGS. 2(a) and (b) respectively depict an optical micrograph of a 3-D structure comprising 20 μm wide squares on top and 5 μm diameter circles below, and an SEM image of the 3-D structure, wherein the scanning electron beam produces a “doming” of the micro-structures;

FIGS. 3(a) and (b) depict 3-D polymeric nano-structures of a 700 nm pitch grating with a 1:1 duty cycle on top of 5 μm (a) and 3 μm (b) wide square cavities;

FIG. 4 depicts stacked 3-D polymeric micro- or nano-structures formed by using polymers with progressively lower T_(g);

FIG. 5 depicts an assembly of 3-D polymeric micro- or nano-structures using a latch-on mechanism similar to Lego® bricks;

FIG. 6 depicts a reel to reel process for scaling up the duo-mold processes according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 7 depicts a scenario wherein the present invention could provide for an electrically-pumped polymer laser with reduced metallic contact;

FIG. 8 depicts a scenario wherein the present invention could provide for an array of polymeric micro-mirrors.

FIG. 9 depicts a schematic of a T-bar imprinting process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is an SEM image depicting a cross-section of T-bar column lines on ITO;

FIG. 11 is a schematic of a typical OLED display design, where the design assumes the use of shadow masking to form cathode lines; and

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional schematic of a typical pixel-level T-bar design for OLED displays, wherein the T-bar is featured on both sides of the OLED stack in the center and is generally fabricated on the ITO substrate prior to the blanket evaporation step that is used to deposit the organic light-emitting materials and the cathode, and wherein the substrate is generally rotated during vapor deposition and the deposition angle is varied to achieve better pixel uniformity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is directed to micro- and nano-scale imprinting methods and the use of such methods to fabricate supported and/or free-standing 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures of polymeric, ceramic, and/or metallic materials. While the making and/or using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that may be embodied in a variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and/or use the invention and are not intended to delimit the scope of the invention.

While most of the terms used herein will be recognizable to those of skill in the art, the following definitions are nevertheless put forth to aid in the understanding of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that when not explicitly defined, terms should be interpreted as adopting a meaning presently accepted by those of skill in the art.

“Micro-structures,” according to the present invention, are structures comprising “micro-scale” features; micro-scale features being defined herein as features having dimensions that range in length from about 1 micrometer (μm) to about 100 μm.

“Nano-structures,” according to the present invention, are structures comprising “nano-scale” or “sub-micron” features; nano-scale features being defined herein as features having dimensions below about 1 μm.

“Three-dimensional,” abbreviated “3-D” and as defined herein, refers to structures or structural features that vary (structurally) with depth.

“Surface energy,” as defined herein, is a surface characteristic associated with the molecular forces of a particular surface, generally in contact with some other material and generally measured in mJ/m². “Differential surface energy,” according to the present invention, merely refers to dissimilar surface energies between two or more materials. For the methods described herein, “low surface energy” generally means <12 mJ/m², “medium surface energy” generally means about 14-30 mJ/m², and “high surface energy” generally means >50 mJ/m².

A “duo-mold” process, as defined herein, refers to processes of the present invention wherein two molds, generally with different surface coatings to impart different surface energies, are used to fabricate polymeric 3-D micro- and/or nano-structured objects.

“Spin-coating,” as defined herein, generally refers to a process wherein a polymer solution is dispersed on a surface (e.g., a mold) and the surface is rapidly spun centrifugally forcing the solution to spread out and forming a thin layer of de-solvated polymer in the process.

“Glass-transition temperature,” abbreviated T_(g) and as defined herein, is the temperature at which polymer molecules become mobile and begin to slide against each other. On a macro scale it's the temperature at which the polymer transitions from being hard and glassy to a more pliable and rubbery state. Above this temperature, such polymers can be said to flow. More importantly, however, the T_(g) is not a sharp transition but a gradual transition and is subject to some variation depending on the experimental conditions (e.g., film thickness, tacticity of the polymer, etc.). Because this invention involves extensive use of thin polymer films where the actual T_(g) could vary as a function of film thickness, the T_(g) will be defined herein as being the bulk glass-transition temperature of the polymer material for the purposes of simplicity. The bulk glass transition temperature is a specific value that is widely agreed upon in the literature. For example, the bulk T_(g) for PMMA is 105° C. Note, however, that not all polymers and polymer blends have a T_(g).

“Plasma cleaning” or “plasma treatment,” according to the present invention, generally refers to exposure of a surface to a plasma such that organic contaminants on the surface are destroyed and/or the surface chemistry is changed so that the surface energy is set at a desirable level. Generally such plasma is a low-pressure oxidative plasma such as oxygen (O₂) generated with a RF or microwave source. “Plasma etching,” according to the present invention, generally comprises the same principles as plasma cleaning, but is meant to imply the use of a plasma to pattern the surface directly—either through a mask, or by removal of excess material (in the case of a pre-patterned surface).

“Latch-on” assembly mechanisms, as defined herein, generally refer to mechanical attachment mechanisms similar to the attachment mechanisms employed by Lego® blocks, for the purposes of assembling superstructures comprised of 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures.

An “organic light-emitting diode,” abbreviated “OLED” and as defined herein, is a display device comprising an organic (usually polymer) film sandwiched between two electrodes, for example a metallic cathode and a transparent anode that also doubles as the substrate upon which the device is constructed (e.g., ITO glass). High-efficiency OLED devices are typically comprised of a hole-injection layer, a hole-transport layer, an emissive layer, and an electron-transport layer. When voltage is applied to the OLED cell, the injected positive and negative charges recombine in the emissive layer and create electroluminescent light.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a duo-mold approach is employed in the above-described methods. In some embodiments, surface treatments are employed to impart differential surface energies to different parts of the mold(s). Such surface treatments permit the formation of three-dimensional (3-D) structures through imprinting and the transfer of such structures to a substrate. In some or other embodiments, such surface treatments can facilitate separation of the 3-D structures from the molds to form free-standing 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures individually and/or in a film.

The present invention provides for the imprinting of supported and free-standing three-dimensional (3-D) objects with micro- and/or nano-scale features. Using a duo-mold imprinting process, well-defined supported and free-standing 3-D micrometer (μm) and nanometer (nm) features can be fabricated. A generalized illustration of the duo-mold imprinting process (Process I) is shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, step (a1), a patterned silicon (Si) mold (mold A) is treated with a low surface energy silane, for example perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS), octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) or octadecylmethyldichlorosilane (ODS). Typically, the surface treatment is performed in a nitrogen/inert gas glove box or in an environment where the relative humidity of the atmosphere is low (<20% RH). The silanes are dissolved in an anhydrous organic solvent such as n-heptane to a concentration of 20 mM. The silicon mold, oxygen plasma cleaned, is immersed in the silane solution for 10 minutes. On completion of the treatment, the mold is rinsed with n-heptane and blow dried with dry nitrogen gas. A polymer solution, for example a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in toluene, is then spin-coated onto the silane-treated mold A such that it fills up the trenches and forms a planarized thin film (FIG. 1, step (a1)). The choice of surface treatment and the polymers are interrelated, and judicious selection is needed in order to obtain a planarized film. For example, when the combination of FDTS (for surface treatment) and PMMA (spin-coated polymer) are used, PMMA dissolved in toluene or propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) will give a uniform coating. The molds described herein may be fabricated by a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, photolithography, holographic lithography, e-beam lithography, ion-beam lithography, and combinations thereof.

A second Si mold (mold B) is treated with a silane, for example phenethyltrichlorosilane (PETS), phenethylmethyltrichlorosilane (PEDS) or a sequential treatment of PEDS or ODS and then FDTS in order to obtain a medium surface energy. Typically, the surface treatment is performed in a nitrogen/inert gas glove box or in an environment where the relative humidity of the atmosphere is low (<20% RH). The silanes are dissolved in an anhydrous organic solvent such as n-heptane to a concentration of 20 mM. The silicon mold, oxygen plasma cleaned, is immersed in the silane solution for 10 minutes. On completion of the treatment, the mold is rinsed with n-heptane and blow dried with dry nitrogen gas. A second treatment with another 20 mM silane solution for 10 minutes is carried out for molds that require a sequential silane treatment. On completion of the second treatment, the mold is rinsed with n-heptane and blow dried with dry nitrogen gas. Mold B is then aligned and pressed at a suitable pressure onto the polymer-coated mold A at a temperature above the glass transition temperature (T_(g)) of the polymer. Mold B is then separated below the T_(g) of the polymer, thus forming a 3-D structure and resulting in the transfer of the polymer film from mold A to mold B (FIG. 1, step (b1)). This transfer is made possible by the difference in surface energies of the two molds. Since mold B has a surface energy higher than the surface energy of mold A, the polymer film preferentially adheres to mold B and thus results in the transfer of the polymer film.

Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the process can be carried out by spin coating the polymer onto mold B instead of mold A (Process II). In such embodiments, there is no transfer of the polymer film from mold A to mold B, since mold B has a higher surface energy. Thus, mold A will imprint onto the polymer film on mold B (FIG. 1, steps (a2) and (b2)).

Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments the process can be carried out by spin coating the polymer onto both molds A and B (Process III). The coatings can be of similar or of dissimilar materials. In such embodiments, the polymer film from mold A adheres to the polymer film on mold B when the molds are pressed together at a temperature above the T_(g) of either polymer. Since mold B has a higher surface energy, the polymer film preferentially adheres to mold B and thus results in the transfer of the polymer film from mold A to mold B (FIG. 1, steps (a3) and (b3)).

With the polymer film on mold B, it is possible to carry out three generalized sub-processes, as described below.

Sub-Process A: Mold B may be pressed at a suitable pressure onto an O₂ plasma-cleaned blank Si substrate at a temperature that is close to the T_(g) of the polymer. Mold B is then separated at a temperature below the T_(g) of the polymer which results in the transfer of the polymer film (now a 3-D structured polymer film) to the Si substrate (FIG. 1, step (c1)). An O₂ plasma etch may then be employed to remove the residue layer of the polymer film (FIG. 1, step (d1)). This results in a final 3-D polymeric structure with micro- and/or nano-scale dimensions.

Sub-Process B: Alternatively, a free-standing 3-D polymeric structure can be formed by separating the polymer film from mold B (FIG. 1, step (c2)). The polymer film may then be separated from mold B by etching the silicon oxide, metal, or metal oxide (of which the mold is comprised) in a solution (e.g., hydrofluoric acid).

Sub-Process C: A third alternative is to use an O₂ plasma etch to remove the residue layer while the polymer film is still attached to mold B. The 3-D polymeric structure can then be transferred to a Si substrate as in Sub-process A (FIG. 1, step (d2)) or separated from mold B as in Sub-Process B (FIG. 1, step (d3)).

A key factor in the success of these processes lies in the selection of the silane treatments that enable the transfer of the polymer film from one Si mold to another, and which serve to facilitate the final release from the mold to form either supported or free-standing 3-D structures. Such selectively-applied silane treatments provide for the differential surface energies that make these processes viable.

Surface energy manipulation is a simple and convenient way of determining which surface the patterned polymer film will adhere to. In using such surface energy manipulation, it is generally assumed that the surface areas in contact with the patterned polymer film are similar. To more accurately determine which surface the patterned polymer film will adhere to, the work of adhesion per unit area (or work of separation per unit area) between the polymer and the surface should be calculated. The amount of work needed to separate is obtained by multiplying the surface area of the mold by the work of adhesion per unit area. The patterned polymer film will remain on the mold with the larger work required to separate.

Structural Assemblies

In some embodiments of the present invention, 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures, made by the above-described methods, are assembled into larger “super structures.” Such assemblies can be fabricated by taking advantage of differential surface energies and glass transition temperatures to transfer polymeric 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures to previously-deposited polymeric 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures to form layers or assemblies of such 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures. Alternatively, such assemblies can be fabricated using a “latch-on” mechanism that eliminates the need for using polymers with glass transition temperatures.

In some embodiments, supported or free-standing stacked 3-D micro- and/or nano-structures are fabricated by using polymers of progressively lower glass transition temperatures (T_(g)s), or by using miscible polymer blends. Referring to FIG. 4, to a previously-deposited polymeric structure 401 comprising a T_(g1) and residing on substrate 406, silane-treated mold 405, containing a polymeric structure 402 comprising a T_(g2) (where T_(g2)<T_(g1)), is pressed onto polymeric structure 401 at a temperature that is above T_(g2), but below T_(g1) (step 4001). In step 4002, mold 405 is separated from polymeric structure 402 at a temperature that is above T_(g2), leading to the formation of assembled structure 408. Additional structures can be added, as shown in step 4003, wherein silane-treated mold 407, containing a polymeric structure 403 comprising a T_(g3) (where T_(g3)<T_(g2)), is pressed onto polymeric structure 402 (as part of assembled structure 408) at a temperature that is above T_(g3), but below T_(g2). Mold 407 is then separated from polymeric structure 403 at a temperature that is below T_(g3) to form augmented assembled structure 409 (step 4004). Such assembling can be continued provided that each successive polymeric structure added has a progressively lower T_(g).

The physical properties of polymer blends can be tuned such that when the temperature is raised close to the T_(g) of the polymer blend, plastic deformation of the polymer blend structures are reduced or minimized under pressure. Thus several layers of the same polymer blend can be transferred on top of one another without the previous layers undergoing deformation. Thus, in some embodiments, using polymer blends eliminates the need to use polymers with progressively lower T_(g)s to form stacked 3-D structures. The use of polymer blends is clearly an advantageous and enabling approach when forming stacked structures having a multiplicity of stacked layers. Another advantage of using polymer blends is the ability of reducing the imprinting and transfer temperature by lowering the onset of the glassy state transition. For example, by using a symmetric blend of PMMA and poly(vinyl acetate) it is possible to imprint and transfer the patterns at 45° C.

In some or other embodiments, a “latch-on” assembly technique is utilized to form supported and/or free-standing stacked micro- and/or nano-structures that enable the assembly of polymers that lack a glass transition temperature and eliminate the heating required to assemble thermoplastic polymers. Referring to FIG. 5, step 5001, to a polymeric structure 501, residing on substrate 504, polymeric structure 502, contained within mold 505, is aligned and pressed into polymeric structure 501 such that the two structures interlock via a “latch-on” process similar to that employed by Lego® toy building blocks. In step 5002, mold 505 is removed to provide assembled structure 507. In step 5003, the process is repeated with mold 506 transferring polymeric structure 503 to the assembled structure 507. Release of mold 506 (step 5004) yields augmented assembled structure 508. Such assembling can be continued repeatedly to provide large superstructures and/or structural arrays comprising 3-D micro- and/or nano-structural building blocks. The molds are silane-treated to enable the release of the structures. The polymeric structure 501 is first formed using the duo-mold process prior to transferring it to substrate 504. The polymeric structure 502 is first formed using the duo-mold process and is here illustrated as still contained within mold 505. Mold 505 is silane-treated and corresponds to mold B of FIG. 1.

Variations

The foregoing descriptions seemingly demonstrate the methods on a small scale or on a mold-pair that produces one particular structure. However, the processes above can be scaled up using several methods:

-   -   a) Step and repeat. With the step and repeat method, mold-pairs         up to 3 inches by 3 inches can be repeatedly used to imprint and         transfer the 3-D polymeric structures to a larger substrate.     -   b) Wafer sized mold-pairs (up to 6 inches in diameter). With         wafer sized mold-pairs, the patterns can be repeated to form         multiple 3-D structures on a wafer sized substrate.     -   c) Reel to reel process. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a reel to         reel process can scale up the duo mold process significantly.         Cylinders can be patterned to form cylindrical molds and the         cylindrical molds can be treated to obtain low surface energy         molds and medium surface energy molds. Polymer sheets 601 can be         fed in between the cylindrical molds 602 and 603 or one of the         molds can be dip coated. The process can be carried out in a         heated chamber and a constant pressure between the two         cylindrical molds maintained. A sheet can then be fed between         the medium surface energy mold and a roller 605 to finally         transfer the patterned polymer film onto the substrate.

To form ceramic or metal-ceramic 3-D micro- and nano-structures, a sol-gel based process can be used to spin coat the ceramic or metal-ceramic precursors (hydrolyzable molecular precursors, mostly metal or semi-metal alkoxides) onto the molds. The duo mold process is then carried out with the spin coated sol-gel at a temperature that will pyrolyze the organics and ultimately form the ceramic or metal-ceramic 3-D structures.

OLED-Based Devices

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to the imprinting of integrated shadow-mask nanostructures, and, in particular, T-Bar column nanostructures on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and other substrates to facilitate pixel segregation in active- and passive-matrix OLED-based displays. Using a duo-mold imprinting process, isolated, residue layer-free polymer column lines can be fabricated in which the structure itself is capable of shadowing the ITO substrate underneath during vapor deposition of emitting materials and metal electrodes.

An illustration of the duo-mold imprinting process for T-bar column nanostructures is shown in FIG. 9. Referring to FIG. 9, patterned silicon grating mold, mold A, is treated with a low surface energy silane, for example perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS), then a polymer solution, for example a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in toluene solution, is spin-coated onto mold A such that it fills up the trenches and forms a planarized thin film, as shown in Step (a). The choice of surface treatment, the polymers employed, their solution concentrations, and the desired spin speed—are all interrelated factors used to obtain a planarized film on the mold.

A second silicon grating mold, mold B, with trenches having widths approximately twice as wide as that in mold A and being properly spaced on the mold so as to align with the trenches on mold A, is treated sequentially with FDTS, followed by a medium surface energy silane, for example phenethylmethyltrichlorosilane (PEDS). The purpose of the sequential surface treatment is to obtain a mold surface energy that is low in absolute terms but higher than mold A. Mold B is then aligned and pressed at a suitable pressure onto the polymer-coated mold A at a temperature at least 40° C. above the glass transition temperature (T_(g)) of the polymer, as shown in Step (a). Mold B is then separated below the T_(g) of the polymer, thus forming a 3-D structure and resulting in the transfer of the polymer film from mold A to mold B, as shown in Step (b). This transfer occurs because of the difference in surface energies of the two molds. Since mold B has a surface energy that is higher than the surface energy of mold A, the polymer film preferentially adheres to mold B, and thus results in transfer of the polymer film.

Although the molds have been treated with different silanes to create surface energy contrast between the two molds, one must take into consideration the total surface area of each mold in predicting whether the film remains coated on mold A or transfers to mold B. This is because there will be differences in terms of the total surface area available on each mold because of the difference in feature size and geometry. A larger surface area results in a larger work of adhesion, and this can result in the polymer film preferentially adhering to mold A instead of transferring to mold B. Therefore, to obtain the designed 3-D structure, one has to take into account the surface area of the molds, in addition to the surface energy, such that the film will adhere to the mold with the larger work of adhesion.

Still referring to FIG. 9, mold B is then pressed at a suitable pressure onto a O₂ plasma-cleaned ITO substrate (or other suitable substrate) at a temperature at least 30° C. below the T_(g) of the polymer, as shown in Step (c). Mold B is then separated from the substrate after cooling to near room temperature and this results in the transfer of the polymer film to the ITO substrate, as shown in Step (c). An anisotropic O₂ plasma etch is then carried out to remove the median residue layer of the polymer film, as shown in Step (d). This results in the final T-bar structures.

FIG. 10 is a cross-section SEM micrograph of an imprinted T-bar structure supported on an ITO substrate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The ITO layer itself is approximately 200 nm thick and is clearly shown. The polymer “T” is comprised of a 500 nm width head atop of a 250 nm width support. Each column is approximately 750 nm in height and spaced 1 μm apart. Note that the oxygen plasma etch step serves to roughen the top surface of the T-bar columns. While not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the surface roughness may help to further electrically isolate the OLED devices that will be constructed on the ITO between the T-bar columns.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to OLED-based devices comprising such above-described T-bar and related structures, and to methods of making such devices. Methods of making such devices typically involve fabrication of such T-bar structures on a patterned ITO substrate, followed by deposition of an organic light-emitting layer, then a vapor deposited metal cathode layer. In some embodiments, the organic light-emitting layer is deposited with an ink-jet printer, wherein the T-bar or other integrated shadow-mask structures further guide the flow of organic solutions comprising suitable light-emitting organic materials.

It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the methods, devices, and structures described herein permit considerable variation in terms of size, shape, composition, etc., and that all such variation falls within the scope of the present invention. For example, in some embodiments, flexible substrates are used. In some embodiments, such flexible substrates provide for flexible displays. In some or other embodiments, instead of, or in addition to, T-bar structures, other structures such as reverse tapered polymeric structures, inverted pyramidal structures, and high-aspect ratio structures are used. In some or other embodiments, the above-described methods are used to fabricate metallized T-bar structures for high-speed field-effect transistors (FETs). In still other embodiments, such T-bar structures are fabricated together with a substrate using a single material, i.e., formation of the T-bar structures and the substrate are integrated into the molds and the ensuing duo-mold process.

The following examples are provided to demonstrate particular embodiments of the present invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the methods disclosed in the examples which follows merely represent exemplary embodiments of the present invention. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments described and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

This Example serves to illustrate some types of 3-D micro-structures that can be formed using methods of the present invention.

FIG. 2(a) depicts an optical micrograph of an imprinted 3-D structure supported on a Si substrate comprised of 20 μm wide squares on the top and 5 μm diameter circular cavities on the bottom, wherein such structures are produced by duo-mold imprinting methods of the present invention. The structures are fabricated according to the following steps:

1) Mold A is a Si mold comprising 5 μm diameter circular pillars of height 900 nm. Mold A is treated with a 20 mM silane solution (in n-heptane) of FDTS that results in a low surface energy mold. Note that in this Example, molds A and B have been pre-patterned with conventional photolithography, wherein the patterns are transferred onto the silicon with a plasma etch.

2) Mold B is a Si mold comprising 20 μm wide squares of height 900 nm. Mold B is treated sequentially with PEDS and ODS solutions that results in a medium surface energy mold. Typically, the surface treatment is performed in a nitrogen/inert gas glove box or in an environment where the relative humidity of the atmosphere is low (<20% RH). The silanes are dissolved in an anhydrous organic solvent such as n-heptane to a concentration of 20 mM. The silicon mold, oxygen plasma cleaned, is immersed in PEDS solution for 10 minutes. On completion of the treatment, the mold is rinsed with n-heptane and blow dried with dry nitrogen gas. A second sequential treatment with ODS solution for 10 minutes is carried out. On completion of the second treatment, the mold is rinsed with n-heptane and blow dried with dry nitrogen gas.

A 9 wt. % PMMA (average molecular weight (MW) ˜350 kg/mol) in PGMEA solution is spin coated at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds on mold A to obtain a planarized coating of around 900 nm thickness (as in FIG. 1, step (a1)). The PMMA-coated mold A is then baked at 80° C. for 3 minutes to remove any remaining solvent in the film. Mold B is then aligned and pressed onto the PMMA-coated mold A with a pressure of 60 bars at 180° C. Ten minutes later, the molds are cooled down to 70° C. and separated (as in FIG. 1, step (b1)). This results in the transfer of the patterned PMMA film from mold A to mold B. Mold B, now comprising the patterned PMMA film, is then pressed onto an O₂ plasma-cleaned blank Si substrate at 95° C. for 3 minutes before cooling it down to 70° C. where mold B is separated from the Si substrate. The patterned PMMA film is transferred to the Si substrate thus resulting in a supported 3-D polymeric structure (FIG. 1, step (c1)).

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph shown in FIG. 2(b) illustrates the square patterns and domes defined by the underlying circular patterns. The domes are formed during the scanning of the electron beam on the imaged area at a high magnification. While not intending to be bound by theory, the dome formation process might be due to outgassing of the solvent upon electron irradiation. A reduction in the thickness of the irradiated polymer was also noted. These doming and thickness reduction phenomenon appear to be dependent on the electron dose, wherein electron dose is defined herein as the number of electrons per unit area per unit time.

EXAMPLE 2

This Example serves to illustrate an embodiment that falls within the context of sub-process B, described above.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an imprinted 3-D structure supported on Si. The structure comprises a grating of 700 nm pitch with a 1:1 duty cycle on the top with 3 and 5 μm wide square cavities on the bottom. The two molds that were used to form this structure comprise the following:

1) Mold A is a Si mold of 3 and 5 μm wide squares of height 250 nm. Mold A is treated with a 20 mM silane solution (in heptane) of FDTS that results in a low surface energy mold.

2) Mold B is a Si grating mold of 700 nm pitch with a 1:1 duty cycle and height 350 nm. Mold B is also treated with a 20 mM silane solution (in heptane) of FDTS that also results in a low surface energy mold.

An 8 wt. % PMMA (average MW ˜15 kg/mol) in toluene solution is spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 30 seconds onto mold B to obtain a planarized coating with a thickness of around 500 nm (as in FIG. 1, step (a2)). The PMMA-coated mold B is then baked at 80° C. for 3 minutes to remove any remaining solvent in the film. Mold A is then aligned and pressed onto the PMMA-coated mold B with a pressure of 50 bars at 150° C. Ten minutes later, the molds are cooled down to 50° C. and separated (as in FIG. 1, step (b2)). This does not result in any transfer of the patterned PMMA film as encountered in the previous example. The PMMA-coated mold B is then pressed onto an O₂ plasma-cleaned blank Si substrate at 80° C. for 3 minutes before cooling it down to 50° C. where mold B is separated from the Si substrate. The patterned PMMA film is then transferred to the Si substrate, thus resulting in a supported 3-D polymeric structure (as in FIG. 1, step (c1)).

Although both molds have been treated with the same silane to obtain a low surface energy, the film remains coated on mold B because there is a larger surface area on mold B as compared to mold A. The larger surface area results in a larger work of adhesion for mold B as compared to mold A. This results in the polymer film preferentially adhering to mold B. Therefore, to obtain the designed 3-D structures described above, one has to take into account the surface area of the molds in addition to the surface energy such that the film will adhere to the mold with the larger work of adhesion.

In both of the above-described Examples 1 and 2, such structures cannot be fabricated using conventional nano-imprinting methods which employ the use of a sacrificial layer to form the cavities since the cavities are completely sealed around the edges. In contrast, the width of the cavities that can be formed with the duo-mold imprinting methods of the present invention is limited only by the mechanical strength of the polymer film. If thicker films and tougher polymers are used, wider sealed cavities can be formed. Although such structures have been demonstrated using reversal imprinting over patterned substrates (Bao et al., “Nanoimprinting over topography and multilayer three-dimensional printing,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 20:2881-2886, 2002), the duo-mold imprinting eliminates the need to pattern the substrates. Furthermore, the duo-mold imprinting methods of the present invention provide for all-polymeric structures that may be incorporated into all-polymer photonic devices.

EXAMPLE 3

This Example serves to better illustrate how stacked 3-D polymeric micro- or nano-structures can be formed using polymer materials of progressively lower T_(g).

The duo-mold imprinting of polymers with progressively lower glass transition temperatures or of miscible polymer blends (to tune the transition from glassy behavior to viscoelastic behavior) enable the formation of stacked 3-D structures as illustrated in FIG. 4. A representative three-polymer system suitable for the formation of such stacked 3-D structures is polycarbonate (average MW ˜18.2 kg/mol, T_(g) ˜150° C.), PMMA (average MW ˜15 kg/mol, T_(g) ˜105° C.), and poly(t-butyl-acrylate) (average MW ˜100 kg/mol, T_(g) ˜43° C.). In such a scenario, the first polymer to be imprinted with the duo-mold process would be polycarbonate, followed by PMMA, and finally poly(t-butyl-acrylate).

Alternatively, one could eliminate the use of progressively lower glass transition temperatures for the formation of stacked 3-D structures by using miscible polymer blends with a broader glass transition temperature range. In such cases, imprinting with such a polymer blend could be carried out at a temperature where no change in the shape and form occurs. One such miscible polymer blend that appears to work well for these alternative embodiments is PMMA and poly(vinyl-acetate).

EXAMPLE 4

This Example serves to illustrate a “latch-on” assembly process and mechanism for assembling micro- or nano-meter scale structures according to some embodiments of the present invention.

It is possible to design micro- or nano-meter scale structures that assemble with a latch-on mechanism, similar to that used by Lego® bricks, that would allow the assembly of more complex structures, as shown in FIG. 5. This latch-on scheme of assembly eliminates the need to heat the polymer close to its T_(g) or use the scheme of stacking polymers with progressively lower glass transition temperatures thus maintaining the shape and form of the structures. It could also enable the assembly of polymers without a T_(g) such as thermoset plastics and polycrystalline polymers.

EXAMPLE 5

This Example serves to further illustrate potential applications in which the present invention may find use.

Potential applications of the methods of the present invention include a scenario wherein the present invention could provide for an electrically-pumped polymer laser with reduced metallic contact, as shown in FIG. 7, wherein device 700 comprises metallic contacts 701 and distributed feedback waveguide 702. Such metal-backed polymer lasers have been developed (Andrew et al., “Photonic band structure and emission characteristics of a metal-backed polymeric distributed feedback laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 81:954-956, 2002), and recent work in this area suggests that enhanced lasing is obtained when such polymer layers are placed on top of metallic gratings so as to reduce metallic contact. See Stehr et al., “A low threshold polymer laser based on metallic nanoparticle gratings,” Adv. Mater., 15:1726-1729, 2003. Such reduced metallic contact is believed to reduce metallic charge absorption.

FIG. 8 depicts an additional scenario wherein the present invention could provide for an array of polymeric micromirrors 800 comprised of mirrors (e.g., Cr) 802 on electro-active polymer structures 803, wherein such polymer structures may comprise micro- and/or nanoscale dimensions, and wherein such polymer structures can be fabricated by the imprinting methods described herein. Such micromirrors could be used in digital light processing (DLP™) devices, for example.

EXAMPLE 6

This Example illustrates the formation of T-bar structures in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

The fabrication parameters for the mold structures are as follows: Mold A is a Si grating mold of 500 nm pitch with 1:1 duty cycle and height of 250 nm. Mold A is treated with a 1 mM silane solution (in heptane) of FDTS that results in a low surface energy mold. Mold B is a Si grating mold of 1 μm pitch with 1:1 duty cycle and height 500 nm. Mold B is treated with a 1 mM silane solution (in heptane) of PEDS followed by a second silane treatment in a 1 mM solution of FDTS. This results in a medium surface energy mold.

An 8.5 wt. % PMMA (average Mw≈120,000) in toluene solution is spin-coated at 2700 rpm for 30 seconds onto mold A to obtain a planarized coating of around 750 nm thickness (FIG. 9, Step (a)). The PMMA-coated mold A is then baked at 160° C. for 5 minutes to remove any remaining solvent in the film. Mold A is then aligned and pressed onto the PMMA coated mold B with a pressure of 50 bars at 180° C. for 5 minutes. Ten minutes later, the molds are cooled down to 65° C. and separated (FIG. 9, Step (b)). This results in transfer of the patterned PMMA film from mold A to mold B. The PMMA-coated mold B is then pressed onto an O₂ plasma-cleaned ITO glass substrate at 65° C. for 5 minutes before cooling to 50° C., wherein mold B is then separated from the ITO substrate. Because the plasma-treated ITO substrate has a very high surface energy, the patterned PMMA film is transferred to the ITO substrate, resulting in a supported 3-D polymeric structure (FIG. 9, Step (c)). An anisotropic O₂ plasma etch is then carried out to remove the median residue layer of the polymer film (FIG. 9, Step (d)). This step is carried out at a base pressure of 70 mTorr, an O₂ gas pressure of 80 sccm, and a forward power of 200 Watts for 55 seconds to achieve an etch depth of 300 nm. This results in the final T-bar structure.

All patents and publications referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference. It will be understood that certain of the above-described structures, functions, and operations of the above-described embodiments are not necessary to practice the present invention and are included in the description simply for completeness of an exemplary embodiment or embodiments. In addition, it will be understood that specific structures, functions, and operations set forth in the above-described referenced patents and publications can be practiced in conjunction with the present invention, but they are not essential to its practice. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without actually departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A method of fabricating T-bar column structures comprising the steps of: a) providing a first silicon mold comprising a silane-treated surface of low energy with lithographically-generated trenches; b) spin-coating a polymer comprising a glass transition temperature T_(g) onto the silane-treated surface of the first silicon mold to form a polymer film which is structured on a first side in contact with the first silicon mold; c) providing a second silicon mold comprising a silane-treated surface of medium energy with lithographically-generated trenches that are wider than the trenches of the first silicon mold; d) pressing the silane-treated surface of the second silicon mold into the surface of the polymer film residing in the first silicon mold, at a temperature above T_(g), to imprint the second side of the polymer film and yield a series of polymer T-bar structures within the molds; e) separating the first silicon mold from the series of polymer T-bar structures at a temperature below T_(g) to yield a series of polymer T-bar structures attached to the second silicon mold; f) pressing the series of polymer T-bar structures onto a substrate at a temperature below T_(g) and removing the second mold from the substrate after cooling to near room temperature to yield a series of polymer T-bar structures on the substrate, wherein the structures are connected to each other by a residue film; and g) removing the residue film from the series of polymer T-bar structures to yield discrete polymer T-bar structures supported on the substrate.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the T-bar structures are operable for facilitating pixel segregation in OLED-based display devices.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the molds are treated with silanes selected from the group consisting of perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS), octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), octadecylmethyldichlorosilane (ODS), phenethyltrichlorosilane (PETS), phenethylmethyltrichlorosilane (PEDS), and combinations thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinylacetate (PVAc), polystyrene (PS), and combinations thereof; an elastomer selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly(isoprene), poly(butadiene), and combinations thereof; and combinations thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the lithographically-generated trenches of the second mold are approximately twice as wide as the lithographically-generated trenches of the first mold.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a patterned layer of ITO.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is flexible.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the substrate is operable for use in flexible displays.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the residue film comprises exposure to an O₂ plasma.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the exposure to O₂ plasma further serves to roughen the top surface of the T-bar columns.
 11. A method of fabricating shadow-mask structures on a substrate comprising the steps of: a) providing a first mold comprising a surface of low energy with lithographically-generated trenches; b) spin-coating a polymer comprising a glass transition temperature T_(g) onto the surface of the first mold to form a polymer film that is structured on a first side in contact with the first mold; c) providing a second mold comprising a surface of medium energy with lithographically-generated trenches, wherein the trenches of the second mold are operable for forming shadow-mask structures when combined with the trenches of the first mold under conditions of proper alignment; d) pressing the surface of the second mold into the surface of the polymer film residing in the first mold, at a temperature above T_(g), to imprint the second side of the polymer film and provide a series of polymer shadow-mask structures within the molds; e) separating the first mold from the series of polymer shadow-mask structures at a temperature below T_(g) to provide for a series of polymer shadow-mask structures attached to the second mold; f) pressing the series of polymer shadow-mask structures onto a substrate at a temperature below T_(g) and removing the second mold from the substrate after cooling to near room temperature to yield a series of polymer shadow-mask structures on the substrate, wherein the structures are connected to each other by a residue film; and g) removing the residue film from the series of polymer shadow-mask structures to yield discrete polymer shadow-mask structures supported on the substrate.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the shadow-mask structures are operable for facilitating pixel segregation in OLED-based display devices.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second molds comprise material selected from the group consisting of metal, ceramic, glass, semiconductor, polymer, and combinations thereof.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first and second molds are surface treated to modify their native surface energy.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinylacetate (PVAc), polystyrene (PS), and combinations thereof; an elastomer selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly(isoprene), poly(butadiene), and combinations thereof; and combinations thereof.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polymer blend, copolymers, and combinations thereof.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the shadow-mask structures are selected from the group consisting of T-bar structures, reverse tapered polymeric structures, inverted pyramidal structures, high aspect ratio structures, and combinations thereof.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate comprises ITO.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the substrate is flexible.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the substrate is operable for use in flexible displays.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the residue film is removed with an O₂ plasma.
 22. A method of fabricating OLED-based display devices comprising the steps of: a) providing a first mold comprising a surface of low energy with lithographically-generated trenches; b) spin-coating a polymer comprising a glass transition temperature T_(g) onto the surface of the first mold to form a polymer film which is structured on a first side in contact with the first mold; c) providing a second mold comprising a surface of medium energy with lithographically-generated trenches, wherein the trenches of the second mold are operable for forming shadow-mask structures when combined with the trenches of the first mold under conditions of proper alignment; d) pressing the surface of the second mold into the surface of the polymer film residing in the first mold, at a temperature above T_(g), to imprint the second side of the polymer film and provide a series of polymer shadow-mask structures within the molds; e) separating the first mold from the series of polymer shadow-mask structures at a temperature below T_(g) to provide for a series of polymer shadow-mask structures attached to the second mold; f) pressing the series of polymer shadow-mask structures onto a transparent substrate at a temperature below T_(g) and removing the second mold from the substrate after cooling to near room temperature to yield a series of polymer shadow-mask structures on the substrate, wherein the structures are connected to each other by a residue film; and g) exposing the series of polymer shadow-mask structures to an O₂ plasma to remove the residue film and yield discrete polymer shadow-mask structures supported on the substrate.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the substrate comprises a patterned anode layer.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the anode layer comprises ITO.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the substrate is flexible.
 26. The method of claim 22, further comprising adding organic light-emitting molecules to the substrate in regions segregated by the shadow-mask structures.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the organic light-emitting molecules are deposited onto the substrate by a technique selected from the group consisting of ink-jet printing, vapor deposition, and combinations thereof.
 28. The method of claim 26, further comprising the vapor deposition of a cathode material on top of the regions comprising organic light-emitting molecules. 